Heat Transfer - Articles and Theory

The sections contain useful information: references, articles and so on with regard to the relevant section. The Physical Process Modeling team does not claim authorship. The sources are given here.

There exist some energy exchanges between the
system and its surroundings which are not associated
with a collective displacement and are, therefore, not associated with the mechanical work. This is the case of energy transfer between the system and another body which is hotter or colder than the system. In this case, the change of the internal energy is a result of interactions between the particles of systems put into contact. The molecules, which are in random motion, collide each other. At each collision, a small amount of energy is exchanged. Energy is transferred also at distance by emission and absorption of electromagnetic radiation.

Thermodynamics is a branch of physics which
studies the thermal properties of macroscopic
systems without explicitly considering the microscopic structure of matter. The behavior of the systems is described by macroscopic concepts such as those of temperature, pressure and heat. Thermodynamics is based on several principles, which are a generalization of numerous observations and experiments. Although thermodynamics was developed before the microscopic nature of matter was well understood, the principles of thermodynamics are ultimately explained by a statistical treatment of the random motion of atoms and molecules.

The sections contain useful information: references, articles and so on with regard to the relevant section. The Physical Process Modeling team does not claim authorship. The sources are given here.

The materials in this section are authorship of the Physical Process Modeling team. They are presented in abridged form without additional explanations to them. For more information, contact us.