Kinetic energy is identical to electromagnetic energy

Peter Rashkov Penchev

1. Introduction

The nature of kinetic energy, as being something material, defies proper definition, although the law of conservation and conversion of energy postulates that: à) energy is something material and therefore, being material, it is eternal (it cannot be converted into nothing or be created out of nothing); the same holds true for all material objects; b) energy has one and only nature (of one and only kind) since if it had more than one nature (kind) it would be impossible to determine to which of its multiple natures refers the law postulating its eternity, and ñ) energy can be converted into various structures not only when it is bound to (when it is carried by) a certain object (body) but also in the process of conveyance from one object (body) to another.

Energy is characterized by the following properties: à) it can be conveyed from one body to another; b) it is inseparable from movement (speed v); c) it increases bodies’ masses; d) it is not visible, but its existence is ascertained through the movement (shift) of bodies.

According to Isaac Newton, energy dW is measured by work , which equals to the product of force multiplied by distance (pathway) . The mathematical expression of this definition is:

[1–1]

I.e. force F equals to the quantity of energy which is conveyed from one body to another during the interaction along a unit of distance (pathway) (r=1). The same interpretation of the force results also from its dimensionality:

; [1–2]

It is seen (apparent) from the above that the kinetic energy of one object (body) has a material nature; however, since its material nature is not directly perceivable by the human senses, but is ascertained indirectly through the movement of the bodies, it follows that energy is material only when the matter is in its field form and when energy is bound to a body. What energy is like in the process of transfer from one body to another is a different question.

2. About the model for studying the kinetic energy.

Any material object is part of the total united material resource of the Nature, therefore, on the one hand, any object bears its specific, individual properties, on the other hand, however, any object also bears the common, universal properties of the united resource, which unconditionally includes its energy and its mass, as well as its bondage to the fields which are its useful resource. Currently, it is electrons (electron with electrical charge q_e = 1.6.10^-19C < 0 and positron q_e = 1.6.10^-19 C < 0) that are assumed to be the simplest form of an object, with the least quantity of resource and the simplest, but still unknown structure of structural elements of unknown substantial nature, out of which the objects are formed, therefore, electrons are an appropriate model to study. In fact, electrons are carriers of energies, mass and fields (electrostatic, magnetic and gravitational), whose regularities are known and they are elements and initial resource in various systems, such as:

*from electrons are generated photons, whose energies are only kinetic.

*they, as electrons in orbitals around the nucleus, are structural elements of atoms.

*During interaction between accelerated electron and positron, their kinetic energies are being restructured (converted) into protons and neutrons out of which the nuclei of atoms are structured (formed).

3. Kinetic energy of electrons.

General assumptions about electrons.

Electrons generate electrostatic, magnetic and gravitational fields which are characterized by the density of energies and masses, and the electrons as a whole – by energies and masses.

Electrostatic: field, energy and mass of the electron. At distance from the electron there is electrostatic field

[3.1–1]

Where e₀ is the dielectric constant of the vacuum.

The electrostatic field has density of energy and mass

[3.1–2]

and electrostatic energy W_eE and mass m_eo with the electron at rest

[3.1–3]

where: r_eo is the calculable (classical) radius of the electron.

Magnetic field of the electron at speed V<< c

Magnetic field of the electron at speed is:

[3.1–4]

And the densities of energy and mass are:

[3.1–5]

Where: m_î is the magnetic constant of the vacuum, is the acceleration of the electron.

(3.1-4) clearly shows that in order to obtain electronic magnetic field, it is necessary that force F should act upon it, and in time t this force should impart acceleration and speed to its mass m_eo.

[3.1–6]

and then it becomes apparent that is function of force

[3.1–7]

The magnetic energy of the electron at (3.1-3,b) for m_eo and speed is

Or, in order that force can accelerate it to speed V so that its magnetic field can be generated, the force must impart energy W_He to the electron, whose value is equal to the kinetic energy W_ke of the electron. Since force imparts only energy W_He = W_Êå and the material carrier of that energy is the magnetic field of the electron, it follows

The conclusion

The kinetic energy of the electron is identical to its magnetic energy.

The magnetic field of the electron at m_e¹const. and v<<c.

When an electron is moving at speed V<c (on condition that radiation is ignored) in a point at distance , there exist the density of the masses: of the electrostatic field Å-r_å (3.1-2) and of the magnetic field H-r_H (3.1-5) or the total density of the mass is r_å = r_Å + r_Í, where only r_Í is function of speed V.

The density of the mass r_å generates momentum . The differential of the density of the energy in that point is:

[3.1–9]

For the differential of density of the mass in that point, it follows

[3.1–10]

or

[3.1–11]

The integration of (3.1-11) is with the limiting conditions

[3.1–12]

[3.1–13]

And it is obtained:

[3.1–14]

When W_e and r_e are integrated into the volume of the electrostatic field of the electron – from r_e0 to ¥, the full mass m_e and energy W_e of the electron are obtained.

[3.1–15]

And the magnetic mass m_He and energy W_He are:

[3.1–16]

Therefore, the above conclusion 3.1.2.1.3 also holds true here with m_e ¹ const and V < c.

4. Kinetic energies of the electron in other conditions.

Annihilation of the electron at rest.

In interaction (annihilation) of electron å_î^- with positron å_î⁺, they are restructured into photons g with relevant energies

a) å_î^- + å_î⁺ = 2.g;

b) 2m_e.c² = 2hv = 2W_f ; [4.1–1]

I.e. the internal energies W_eo = m_lo.c² of the electrons for time t have been restructured into electromagnetic (kinetic) energies of photons W_f, momentum or force .

[4.1–2]

Where: h is Plank’s constant, and n is frequency

Such kind of kinetic energy of photons, emitted from the Sun, generated and still maintains life and living matter on Earth.

Collision of gamma photon g_r with the atom nucleus.

When gamma photon g_r collides with the nucleus of the atom, electron å_î^- and positron å_î⁺ are generated

[4.1–3]

or the electronic (kinetic) energy of the gamma photon after the collision has been restructured into tangible elementary particles, electrons.

Interaction of accelerated (by kinetic energy) electrons å_î^- and å_î⁺.

When accelerated electrons å_î^- and å_î⁺ interact, depending on the conditions, their kinetic energies are restructured into protons (proton ð and antiproton ) or neutron (neutron n into antineutron ), as follows:

[4.1–4]

Whence, after their kinetic energies are described, their masses are obtained depending on the masses of the electrons (3.1-1.3) m_e0=q_c².k_e.

[4.1–5]

I.e. the kinetic (electromagnetic) energies of the electrons have been restructured (converted) into tangible particles.

5. Conveyance of kinetic energy from one object to another.

There is a well known experiment in physics with two identical balls. When ball 1, moving at speed V₁ collides with central ball 2, which is at rest (V₂ = 0), after the collision ball 1 remains at rest (V₁ = 0) on the spot of the collision, and ball 2 starts moving at speed V₂^/ = V₁.

The effect with two electrons is analogous.

The explanation of the conveyance of kinetic energy of electron 1, which, according to (3.1-8) is magnetic energy, is that at acceleration à¹0 the electromagnetic (kinetic) energy of electron 1 is emitted at power P proportional to à²

[5–1]

and for the time of the collision t the whole energy is emitted

W_He = W_Ke = P.t; [5–2]

and is absorbed by electron 2, which starts moving at V₂^/ = V₁.

I.e. the kinetic (electromagnetic) energy is transported as independent energy in the form of electromagnetic waves (photons)

6. General conclusion.

Kinetic energies are electromagnetic energies

Kinetic energies can, in certain conditions, be restructured (converted) into tangible particles and vice versa, tangible particle can be restructured into field ones, i.e. into kinetic energy.

Kinetic energy is conveyed from one object to another in the form of electromagnetic waves (photons).